Discovery of cell

How cell was discovered???

1. In 1856 Galileo invented microscope.
2. In 1865 Robert Hook made a combined lenses microscope and observed a slice of cork
3. He observed small honey comb chambers.
4. In 1866 Dichrot boiled plant material and observed cell.
5. Shielden and Shawn proposed cell theory that plants and animals are made up of cell,respectively.

Flowers

Sunflower;

Sunflower moves it face where ever sun is . People use it’s seeds make sunflower oil. It also have colors like yellow and red . It have 67 species and the height of a sunflower is 3m. Cruder sunflower is also use for making soap.

Rose;

•Rose is the king of flower. It is use for making medicines like rose water. Rose have sweet smell. It have many families and colures. Rose are use for decoration. People usually put in the pots . It have many colures like red, white, black, pink, yellow and purple etc.

Jasmine;

Jasmine are shrubs climbing plant . It have 450 species . It is use for making perfumes and oil . It have many colures like yellow , white etc

Contribution of Muslim scientists in the field of Physics

Muslim scientists

Abu Ali Hassan Ibn-al-Haitham;

1. 1) Invented pin hole camera and obtained an image of sun eclipse.
2. 2) Discovered nature of light.
3. 3) Wrote book on optics Kitabul Manazir.
4. 4) Gave two laws of reflection.

Yaqub Ibne Ishaq Alqindi

1. 1) Explained musical notes.
2. 2) Worked on nature of sound and geometrical optics.
3. 3) Discovered phenomenon of frequency.

Abu Rehan Muhammad bin Ahmed Al-Beruni;

1. 1) Wrote more than 150 books.
2. 2) Gave a method for determining longitude and latitude of a place.
3. 3) He discovered that Indus Valley was once a basin of an ocean.
4. 
   

Dr. Abdus Salam

1) Went to U.K for promoting his research work.

2) Was awarded the Nobel prize in physics.

3) He established a International center for theoretical physics in Italy.

  Dr Abdus Qadeer Khan;

1) Worked as a expert at Ureco.

2) Was awarded Hilal-e-Imtiaz.

3) Contributed in making Pakistan a nuclear state.

Sound waves

What is sound?

 Sound is a vibration that propagates as a typically audible mechanicalwave of pressure and displacement through a medium such as air or water. 

Speed of sound.................

—Speed of sound is the distance traveled per unit time by a sound wave . water has a speed of 1497m/s at 25 C in fresh water. The speed of in an ideal gas is independent of frequency , but does vary slightly with frequency in real gas .Speed of sound increases with the stiffness of the material , and decreases with the density .

How sound travels???

—Sound can travel in water  through waves .

— If a rock is thrown in water  it  travels in different directions in waves ,

—Some times waves occur in round shapes like rings in water .

—There are many resources from which sound  can occur in water there are given some examples :

• vAnimal sound .
• vBoat travelling in water .
• vThrown things  .
• vSwimming fish .
• 
  

Importance of plants and trees

Importance of plant and trees in our world
The plants are playing an important role in our world.They just not clean our environment and produce oxygen the economy of a country also depend on it.The advantages of plants are as follows;
Advantages of plants and trees;

1. They give oxygen.
2. They inhale carbon dioxide gas which is not only harmful for our environment it is also harmful for our health.
3. They moderate the temperature.
4. They hold land which stops land sliding.
5. They provide fruits and vegetables.
6. They provide homes to animals.
7. They give beauty to landscape.
8. They help in restoring the fertility of land.
9. Animals use the leaves as their own food.
10. Trees are the main sources of wood.
11. They provide shade.

If there are no plants and trees what will happen?????

1. The food chain will be disturbed.
2. There will be no fruits and vegetables.
3. Herbivorous will die.
4. There will be no home for animals.
5. Items which are made by wood can not be made like ruler,pencil,eraser,furniture,etc.
6. Atmosphere will be full of harmful gases.
7. There will be no moist in air.
8. There will be humidity in  atmosphere.
9. There will be land sliding,soil erosion,water logging and salinity.
10. A place having no plants and trees will be soon become a desert. 

How plants and trees are saving the earth???

Plants and trees are playing a huge role in saving the earth from a big problem which is global warming.Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth. 

What are the causes of global warming???
The effects of global warming are as follows;

1. Melting of ice caps,glaciers,etc. which is the main cause of floods.
2. It effects production of agriculture.
3. It effects the weather.
4. It also effects the human health,a person can be infected by diseases like skin cancer etc.
5. It will effect carbon cycle.
6. The weather will be hot. 

Dilute,Saturated and Super saturated solutions

Dilute solution
In dilute solution is a solution in which it contain less solute than it has capacity to dissolve more solute on it.
Saturated solution
A saturated solution contain maximum amount of solute dissolved in a give solvent at a room temperature. In this solution no more solute can be dissolved.
Super saturated solution
A super saturated solution contain greater solute than present in saturated solution at the given temperature.

Solution and Suspension

Solute and Solvent 
Solution and suspension are both mixtures in which solute and solvent are present.Solvent is a substance in which solute is been dissolved ,hence it is present in greater quantity than solute and solute is a substance which is been dissolved in solvent and present in less quantity. Solvent is mostly water and those solutions in which solvent is water is solvent are known as aqueous solution.
Solution
The following are the properties of solution;

• Solution is a mixture in which solute and solvent are completely dissolved .              
• Solution is a homogeneous mixture.
• The particles of solution are so small that they completely dissolved .
• No residue is left after filtration.
• It can be separated by filtration,distillation and evaporation

Suspension

The following are the properties of suspension;

• In suspension solute and solvent are not dissolved completely.
• Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture.
• The particles of suspension are so big that they do not dissolve.
• Residue is left .
• It can be separated by filtration,distillation and evaporation.